ICP Sensor ¡ª §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §á§à§Ô§à§Õ§í §Ú §á§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§ë§Ú§Ü §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ §à§Ü§â§å§Ø§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Û §ã§â§Ö§Õ§í §ã §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §é§Ö§Þ 10-§Ý§Ö§ä§ß§Ú§Þ §à§á§í§ä§à§Þ §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §Ó §à§ä§â§Ñ§ã§Ý§Ú.
§¬§Ñ§Ü §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ð§ä §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ù§à§ß§Õ§í pH §Ó §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ç §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ó§à§Õ§í §Ó §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Þ §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö?
§³§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ó§à§Õ§í §Ó §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Þ §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Ú§Ô§â§Ñ§ð§ä §â§Ö§ê§Ñ§ð§ë§å§ð §â§à§Ý§î §Ó §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§ñ §Ú §å§â§à§Ø§Ñ§Û§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â. §¥§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ù§à§ß§Õ§í pH §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Ü§à§Þ§á§à§ß§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§Þ§Ú §ï§ä§Ú§ç §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ, §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ñ §è§Ö§ß§ß§å§ð §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §à §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Ó§à§Õ§í, §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§Þ§à§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§â§à§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §£ §ï§ä§à§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§ä§î§Ö §Þ§í §â§Ñ§ã§ã§Þ§à§ä§â§Ú§Þ, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ð§ä §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ù§à§ß§Õ§í pH §Ó §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ç §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ó§à§Õ§í §Ó §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Þ §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö, §á§à§Þ§à§Ô§Ñ§ñ §æ§Ö§â§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§Þ §á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ä§î §à§Ò§à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à§Ò §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§Þ§Ú §â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ú.
§±§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §â§à§Ý§Ú pH-§Ù§à§ß§Õ§à§Ó §Ú §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ó §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Þ §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö
§¥§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ù§à§ß§Õ§í pH ¡ª §ï§ä§à §å§ã§ä§â§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §á§â§Ö§Õ§ß§Ñ§Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§ß§í§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ü§Ú§ã§Ý§à§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú§Ý§Ú §ë§Ö§Ý§à§é§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ø§Ú§Õ§Ü§à§ã§ä§Ú, §é§ä§à §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§Þ §á§Ñ§â§Ñ§Þ§Ö§ä§â§à§Þ §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§è§Ö§ß§Ü§Ú §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ó§à§Õ§í §Ó §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Þ §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö. §£ §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Þ §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §å§â§à§Ó§Ö§ß§î pH §Ó§à§Õ§í §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §ã§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ä§î §ß§Ñ §å§ã§Ó§à§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ§Ú, §Ñ §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ß§Ñ §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä§î §á§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§è§Ú§Õ§à§Ó §Ú §å§Õ§à§Ò§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§Õ§Ü§à§â§Þ§Ü§Ú §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â. §¥§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ù§à§ß§Õ§í pH §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§Ñ§ð§ä §Ù§Ñ §ã§é§Ö§ä §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§á§Ö§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§Õ§Ñ, §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Û §Ô§Ö§ß§Ö§â§Ú§â§å§Ö§ä §ß§Ñ§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §á§â§à§á§à§â§è§Ú§à§ß§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §Ñ§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú§à§ß§à§Ó §Ó§à§Õ§à§â§à§Õ§Ñ §Ó §Ú§ã§ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§Ö§Þ§à§Û §Ø§Ú§Õ§Ü§à§ã§ä§Ú.
§¿§ä§Ú §å§ã§ä§â§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §à§Ò§í§é§ß§à §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ä §Ú§Ù §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§Õ§Ñ, §ï§ä§Ñ§Ý§à§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§Õ§Ñ §Ú §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ñ §ä§Ö§Þ§á§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§í §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ü§à§Þ§á§Ö§ß§ã§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §Ü§à§Ý§Ö§Ò§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §ä§Ö§Þ§á§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â§í. §¬§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§Õ§í §ã§à§á§â§Ú§Ü§Ñ§ã§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §ã §Ø§Ú§Õ§Ü§Ú§Þ §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§â§à§Þ, §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ñ§ñ §è§Ö§á§î, §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§ð§ë§Ñ§ñ pH-§Þ§Ö§ä§â§å §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§ñ§ä§î §â§Ñ§Ù§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ß§Ñ§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §Þ§Ö§Ø§Õ§å §Õ§Ó§å§Þ§ñ §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §©§Ñ§ä§Ö§Þ §ï§ä§à §ß§Ñ§á§â§ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §á§â§Ö§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§å§Ö§ä§ã§ñ §á§â§Ú§Ò§à§â§à§Þ §Ó §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö pH, §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ñ §á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§ð §ä§à§é§ß§à§Ö §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Ü§Ú§ã§Ý§à§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú§Ý§Ú §ë§Ö§Ý§à§é§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ø§Ú§Õ§Ü§à§ã§ä§Ú.
§±§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö pH-§Ù§à§ß§Õ§à§Ó §Ú §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ó §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ö §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§à§Õ§à§ã§ß§Ñ§Ò§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ.
§¥§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ù§à§ß§Õ§í pH §ß§Ñ§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à§Ö §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ó §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ç §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ §Ó§à§Õ§í §Ó §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Þ §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö. §°§Õ§ß§à §Ú§Ù §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§ß§í§ç §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §ï§ä§Ú§ç §å§ã§ä§â§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó ¡ª §à§è§Ö§ß§Ü§Ñ §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ pH §á§à§Ý§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Û §Ó§à§Õ§í, §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§Þ§à§Û §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§Ý§Ú§Ó§Ñ §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â. §£§à§Õ§Ñ §ã pH, §Ó§í§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ë§Ú§Þ §Ù§Ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§í §à§á§ä§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §Õ§Ú§Ñ§á§Ñ§Ù§à§ß§Ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§à§ã§ä§Ñ §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§Û, §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §á§â§Ú§Ó§Ö§ã§ä§Ú §Ü §Õ§Ö§æ§Ú§è§Ú§ä§å §á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó, §ã§ß§Ú§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §å§â§à§Ø§Ñ§Û§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §Õ§Ö§Ô§â§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§è§Ú§Ú §á§à§é§Ó§í. §²§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§ñ§â§ß§à §Ü§à§ß§ä§â§à§Ý§Ú§â§å§ñ pH §á§à§Ý§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Û §Ó§à§Õ§í, §æ§Ö§â§Þ§Ö§â§í §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §Ü§à§â§â§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§â§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ã§Ó§à§Ú §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§í §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§Þ§Ú §â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ú§ä§î §à§á§ä§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §å§ã§Ý§à§Ó§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §â§à§ã§ä§Ñ §ã§Ó§à§Ú§ç §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â.
§±§à§Þ§Ú§Þ§à §Ü§à§ß§ä§â§à§Ý§ñ pH §á§à§Ý§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Û §Ó§à§Õ§í, §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ù§à§ß§Õ§í pH §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ä§î§ã§ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§è§Ö§ß§Ü§Ú pH §á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§â§à§Ó, §á§â§Ú§Þ§Ö§ß§ñ§Ö§Þ§í§ç §Ó §Ô§Ú§Õ§â§à§á§à§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ç. §¤§Ú§Õ§â§à§á§à§ß§ß§à§Ö §Ù§Ö§Þ§Ý§Ö§Õ§Ö§Ý§Ú§Ö §à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§à §ß§Ñ §ä§à§é§ß§à§Û §Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ü§Ö §á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó §Ü §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ§Þ §é§Ö§â§Ö§Ù §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§Û §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§â. §®§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô pH §ï§ä§à§Ô§à §á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§â§Ñ §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä §â§Ö§ê§Ñ§ð§ë§Ö§Ö §Ù§ß§Ñ§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§à§Õ§Õ§Ö§â§Ø§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §ß§Ñ§Õ§Ý§Ö§Ø§Ñ§ë§Ö§Ô§à §Ò§Ñ§Ý§Ñ§ß§ã§Ñ §á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó §Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§Ö§æ§Ú§è§Ú§ä§Ñ §á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó §å §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ö§ß§Ú§Û.
§´§Ú§á§í pH-§Ù§à§ß§Õ§à§Ó §Ú §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Õ§Ý§ñ §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ó§à§Õ§í §Ó §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Þ §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö
§¥§Ý§ñ §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ pH-§á§à§é§Ó§í §Ó §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Þ §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §Õ§à§ã§ä§å§á§ß§à §ß§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ý§î§Ü§à §ä§Ú§á§à§Ó pH-§Ù§à§ß§Õ§à§Ó §Ú §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó, §Ü§Ñ§Ø§Õ§í§Û §Ú§Ù §Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§ç §Ú§Þ§Ö§Ö§ä §ã§Ó§à§Ú §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú §á§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ. §¯§Ñ§Ú§Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ §ä§Ú§á§à§Þ pH-§Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ó §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Þ §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ù§à§ß§Õ§í §ã§à §ã§ä§Ö§Ü§Ý§ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §¿§ä§Ú §Ù§à§ß§Õ§í §Õ§à§Ý§Ô§à§Ó§Ö§é§ß§í, §Ý§Ö§Ô§Ü§à §Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ò§â§å§ð§ä§ã§ñ §Ú §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä §ä§à§é§ß§í§Ö §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ pH §Ó §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à§Þ §Õ§Ú§Ñ§á§Ñ§Ù§à§ß§Ö §ä§Ö§Þ§á§Ö§â§Ñ§ä§å§â.
§¦§ë§Ö §à§Õ§Ú§ß §ä§Ú§á §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó pH, §ê§Ú§â§à§Ü§à §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§Þ§í§Û §Ó §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Þ §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö, ¡ª §ï§ä§à §ä§Ó§Ö§â§Õ§à§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú pH. §´§Ó§Ö§â§Õ§à§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ß§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Ø§ß§í §Ú §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§í §Ü §Ù§Ñ§Ô§â§ñ§Ù§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð, §é§Ö§Þ §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú §ã§à §ã§ä§Ö§Ü§Ý§ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ú, §é§ä§à §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ú§ç §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §Õ§à§Ý§Ô§à§Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ §Ó §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ç §Ó§à§Õ§à§ã§ß§Ñ§Ò§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ. §¿§ä§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ö §á§à§Õ§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Ö§ß§í §Õ§â§Ö§Û§æ§å §Ú §ä§â§Ö§Ò§å§ð§ä §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ö §é§Ñ§ã§ä§à§Û §Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ò§â§à§Ó§Ü§Ú §á§à §ã§â§Ñ§Ó§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §ã§à §ã§ä§Ö§Ü§Ý§ñ§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §ï§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§â§à§Õ§Ñ§Þ§Ú.
§ª§à§ß§à§ã§Ö§Ý§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Ö §á§à§Ý§Ö§Ó§í§Ö §ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ù§Ú§ã§ä§à§â§í (ISFET) ¡ª §ï§ä§à §ß§à§Ó§í§Û §ä§Ú§á §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó pH, §à§ä§Ý§Ú§é§Ñ§ð§ë§Ú§Û§ã§ñ §Ó§í§ã§à§Ü§à§Û §é§å§Ó§ã§ä§Ó§Ú§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§ã§ä§î§ð §Ú §Ò§í§ã§ä§â§í§Þ §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Þ §à§ä§Ü§Ý§Ú§Ü§Ñ. §¥§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú ISFET §à§ã§à§Ò§Ö§ß§ß§à §ç§à§â§à§ê§à §á§à§Õ§ç§à§Õ§ñ§ä §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§â§à§Ó §ã §ß§Ú§Ù§Ü§à§Û §Ú§à§ß§ß§à§Û §Ü§à§ß§è§Ö§ß§ä§â§Ñ§è§Ú§Ö§Û, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§ç §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§â§í, §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§å§Ö§Þ§í§Ö §Ó §Ô§Ú§Õ§â§à§á§à§ß§ß§í§ç §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ç. §¿§ä§Ú §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Ö §á§à§Õ§Ó§Ö§â§Ø§Ö§ß§í §Ù§Ñ§ã§à§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ð §Ú §ä§â§Ö§Ò§å§ð§ä §Þ§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §à§Ò§ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ, §é§ä§à §Õ§Ö§Ý§Ñ§Ö§ä §Ú§ç §Ú§Õ§Ö§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §á§â§Ú§Ý§à§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§Û §ß§Ö§á§â§Ö§â§í§Ó§ß§à§Ô§à §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ.
§±§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ pH-§Ù§à§ß§Õ§à§Ó §Ú §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ó §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Þ §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö
§ª§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ú §Ù§à§ß§Õ§à§Ó pH §Ó §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ç §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§à§Õ§à§ã§ß§Ñ§Ò§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §æ§Ö§â§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§Þ §â§ñ§Õ §á§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó. §´§à§é§ß§à§Ö §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö pH §á§à§Ý§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Û §Ó§à§Õ§í §Ú §á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§â§à§Ó §á§à§Ù§Ó§à§Ý§ñ§Ö§ä §æ§Ö§â§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§Þ §å§Ò§Ö§Õ§Ú§ä§î§ã§ñ §Ó §ä§à§Þ, §é§ä§à §Ú§ç §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â§í §á§à§Ý§å§é§Ñ§ð§ä §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§í§Ö §á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ §Õ§Ý§ñ §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§à§Ô§à §â§à§ã§ä§Ñ. §®§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô §å§â§à§Ó§ß§ñ pH §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§à§Þ§à§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §æ§Ö§â§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§Þ §Ó§í§ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ä§î §á§à§ä§Ö§ß§è§Ú§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í, §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ë§Ö§Ý§à§é§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ú§Ý§Ú §Ü§Ú§ã§Ý§Ñ§ñ §á§à§é§Ó§Ñ, §Ú §á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ä§î §Ü§à§â§â§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§â§å§ð§ë§Ú§Ö §Þ§Ö§â§í §Õ§à §ä§à§Ô§à, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §á§â§à§Ú§Ù§à§Û§Õ§Ö§ä §á§à§Ó§â§Ö§Ø§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §å§â§à§Ø§Ñ§ñ.
§±§à§Þ§Ú§Þ§à §å§Ý§å§é§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§à§ã§ä§à§ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §å§â§à§Ø§Ñ§ñ, §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô pH §Ó§à§Õ§í §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §á§à§Þ§à§Ô§Ñ§Ö§ä §æ§Ö§â§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§Þ §Ò§à§Ý§Ö§Ö §ï§æ§æ§Ö§Ü§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§à §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ä§î §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§Þ§Ú §â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ú. §°§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ñ §à§á§ä§Ú§Þ§Ñ§Ý§î§ß§í§Û §Õ§Ú§Ñ§á§Ñ§Ù§à§ß pH §á§à§Ý§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Û §Ó§à§Õ§í, §æ§Ö§â§Þ§Ö§â§í §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §ã§ß§Ú§Ù§Ú§ä§î §â§Ú§ã§Ü §Ó§í§Þ§í§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§ñ §á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §Ó§Ö§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó §Ú §ã§ä§à§Ü§Ñ, §é§ä§à §Ó §Ü§à§ß§Ö§é§ß§à§Þ §Ú§ä§à§Ô§Ö §á§â§Ú§Ó§à§Õ§Ú§ä §Ü §ï§Ü§à§ß§à§Þ§Ú§Ú §Ù§Ñ§ä§â§Ñ§ä §Ú §ï§Ü§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú§Þ §Ó§í§Ô§à§Õ§Ñ§Þ.
§±§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §Ú §ã§à§à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §ã§Ó§ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §ã §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö§Þ pH-§Ù§à§ß§Õ§à§Ó §Ú §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ó §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Þ §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö
§·§à§ä§ñ §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ù§à§ß§Õ§í pH §à§Ò§Ý§Ñ§Õ§Ñ§ð§ä §Þ§ß§à§Ô§à§é§Ú§ã§Ý§Ö§ß§ß§í§Þ§Ú §á§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Õ§Ý§ñ §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ §Ó§à§Õ§í §Ó §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Þ §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö, §á§â§Ú §Ú§ç §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ø§Ö §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§Ö§ä §å§é§Ú§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ß§Ö§Ü§à§ä§à§â§í§Ö §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ§í §Ú §Þ§à§Þ§Ö§ß§ä§í. §°§Õ§ß§Ñ §Ú§Ù §â§Ñ§ã§á§â§à§ã§ä§â§Ñ§ß§Ö§ß§ß§í§ç §á§â§à§Ò§Ý§Ö§Þ, §ã §Ü§à§ä§à§â§à§Û §ã§ä§Ñ§Ý§Ü§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ð§ä§ã§ñ §æ§Ö§â§Þ§Ö§â§í, ¡ª §ï§ä§à §Õ§â§Ö§Û§æ §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ñ, §Ü§à§Ô§Õ§Ñ §ä§à§é§ß§à§ã§ä§î §á§à§Ü§Ñ§Ù§Ñ§ß§Ú§Û pH §ã§à §Ó§â§Ö§Þ§Ö§ß§Ö§Þ §á§à§ã§ä§Ö§á§Ö§ß§ß§à §ã§ß§Ú§Ø§Ñ§Ö§ä§ã§ñ. §²§Ö§Ô§å§Ý§ñ§â§ß§Ñ§ñ §Ü§Ñ§Ý§Ú§Ò§â§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ §Ú §ä§Ö§ç§ß§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§à§Ö §à§Ò§ã§Ý§å§Ø§Ú§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ö §ß§Ö§à§Ò§ç§à§Õ§Ú§Þ§í §Õ§Ý§ñ §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ä§à§é§ß§à§ã§ä§Ú §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Û pH §Ú §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ä§Ó§â§Ñ§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Õ§â§Ö§Û§æ§Ñ §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ñ.
§¦§ë§Ö §à§Õ§Ú§ß §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§í§Û §Ñ§ã§á§Ö§Ü§ä §á§â§Ú §Ú§ã§á§à§Ý§î§Ù§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§Ú§Ú pH-§Ù§à§ß§Õ§à§Ó §Ú §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ó §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Þ §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö ¡ª §ï§ä§à §á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ú§Ý§î§ß§à§Ö §â§Ñ§Ù§Þ§Ö§ë§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Ú §å§ã§ä§Ñ§ß§à§Ó§Ü§Ñ §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó. §¥§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú §ã§Ý§Ö§Õ§å§Ö§ä §â§Ñ§ã§á§à§Ý§Ñ§Ô§Ñ§ä§î §ä§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Þ §à§Ò§â§Ñ§Ù§à§Þ, §é§ä§à§Ò§í §à§Ò§Ö§ã§á§Ö§é§Ú§ä§î §ä§à§é§ß§í§Ö §Ú §â§Ö§á§â§Ö§Ù§Ö§ß§ä§Ñ§ä§Ú§Ó§ß§í§Ö §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ pH §ä§Ö§ã§ä§Ú§â§å§Ö§Þ§à§Û §Ó§à§Õ§í §Ú§Ý§Ú §á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à§Ô§à §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§â§Ñ. §´§Ñ§Ü§Ú§Ö §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§â§í, §Ü§Ñ§Ü §ã§Ü§à§â§à§ã§ä§î §á§à§ä§à§Ü§Ñ, §ä§å§â§Ò§å§Ý§Ö§ß§ä§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ú §Ù§Ñ§Ô§â§ñ§Ù§ß§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ñ, §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §Ó§Ý§Ú§ñ§ä§î §ß§Ñ §ß§Ñ§Õ§Ö§Ø§ß§à§ã§ä§î §Ú§Ù§Þ§Ö§â§Ö§ß§Ú§Û pH, §á§à§ï§ä§à§Þ§å §Ó§Ñ§Ø§ß§à §ä§ë§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§à §å§é§Ú§ä§í§Ó§Ñ§ä§î §ï§ä§Ú §æ§Ñ§Ü§ä§à§â§í §á§â§Ú §ß§Ñ§ã§ä§â§à§Û§Ü§Ö §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ.
§£ §Ù§Ñ§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö, §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§Ú §Ú §Ù§à§ß§Õ§í pH §Ú§Ô§â§Ñ§ð§ä §â§Ö§ê§Ñ§ð§ë§å§ð §â§à§Ý§î §Ó §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§Ñ§ç §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§à§Õ§à§ã§ß§Ñ§Ò§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ, §á§â§Ö§Õ§à§ã§ä§Ñ§Ó§Ý§ñ§ñ §æ§Ö§â§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§Þ §è§Ö§ß§ß§å§ð §Ú§ß§æ§à§â§Þ§Ñ§è§Ú§ð §à §Ü§Ñ§é§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ö §á§à§Ý§Ú§Ó§ß§à§Û §Ó§à§Õ§í §Ú §á§Ú§ä§Ñ§ä§Ö§Ý§î§ß§í§ç §â§Ñ§ã§ä§Ó§à§â§à§Ó. §±§à§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ñ §á§â§Ú§ß§è§Ú§á §â§Ñ§Ò§à§ä§í §ï§ä§Ú§ç §å§ã§ä§â§à§Û§ã§ä§Ó §Ú §Ú§ç §á§â§Ö§Ú§Þ§å§ë§Ö§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ, §æ§Ö§â§Þ§Ö§â§í §Þ§à§Ô§å§ä §á§â§Ú§ß§Ú§Þ§Ñ§ä§î §à§Ò§à§ã§ß§à§Ó§Ñ§ß§ß§í§Ö §â§Ö§ê§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §à§Ò §å§á§â§Ñ§Ó§Ý§Ö§ß§Ú§Ú §Ó§à§Õ§ß§í§Þ§Ú §â§Ö§ã§å§â§ã§Ñ§Þ§Ú §Ú §å§Ý§å§é§ê§Ñ§ä§î §Ù§Õ§à§â§à§Ó§î§Ö §Ú §å§â§à§Ø§Ñ§Û§ß§à§ã§ä§î §ã§Ó§à§Ú§ç §Ü§å§Ý§î§ä§å§â. §£§Ü§Ý§ð§é§Ö§ß§Ú§Ö §Õ§Ñ§ä§é§Ú§Ü§à§Ó §Ú §Ù§à§ß§Õ§à§Ó pH §Ó §ã§Ú§ã§ä§Ö§Þ§í §Þ§à§ß§Ú§ä§à§â§Ú§ß§Ô§Ñ §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ö§ß§ß§à§Ô§à §Ó§à§Õ§à§ã§ß§Ñ§Ò§Ø§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §Þ§à§Ø§Ö§ä §á§à§Þ§à§é§î §æ§Ö§â§Þ§Ö§â§Ñ§Þ §Ó§ß§Ö§Õ§â§Ú§ä§î §å§ã§ä§à§Û§é§Ú§Ó§í§Ö §Ú §ï§Ü§à§Ý§à§Ô§Ú§é§Ö§ã§Ü§Ú §é§Ú§ã§ä§í§Ö §Þ§Ö§ä§à§Õ§í §Ó§Ö§Õ§Ö§ß§Ú§ñ §ã§Ö§Ý§î§ã§Ü§à§Ô§à §ç§à§Ù§ñ§Û§ã§ä§Ó§Ñ.